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Nokia Secrets (may works on all models)


Check the IMEI*#06#
Check software version
*#8110#
Sim Clock Stop
*#746025625#
Warranty menu
*#92702689#
Press the following warranty code
6232 (OK) Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture
7332 (OK) Displays the date of the last repairment
7832 (OK) Displays the date where the phone was purchased
9268 (OK) Displays Serial Number
37832 (OK) Set the Purchasing Date MMYY
87267 (OK) Transfers ALL phone numbers, pictures, sounds from one phone to another
Hands Free
To continue an existing call when placing the 8110i into the hands free car kit without it dropping the call, press the Memory button just before connecting the cable and placing it in the cradle.
Display extra text in call costs feature
If your network operator doesn't offer a call costs service, you can still make use of that function to display some personalized text on the screen of your 8110i. Go to Menu, [5], [7], [1], enter PIN2-code and choose Set. Then type in the limit of the currency units you're using (if the call cost service worked, you would have to type the cost limit of the calls) and choose OK. In this case I typed 8110. Then go to the next sub menu (Menu, [5], [7], [2]), the Show costs in menu. Type in the PIN2 code again and select Currency. Type in the unit price, in this case number 1. Then type the name of the currency - you can use any string of letters and numbers 1-3 characters long. then type 2 letter then to confirm type two names beginning with one of each of the letters. Then press OK to confirm it.
Quick saving while in call
Saving numbers to memory during a call If you type a number into your phone during a call, you will lose it when the call ends. To prevent this happening just hold down Memory button -- the number will be saved (with no name) to the next available memory location.
Deleting SMS messages quickly
When reading an SMS message, instead of pressing Option, Erase to delete the message, simply press [C].
Turning lights on temporarily
If you have display lights turned off, you can turn them on by quickly pressing and releasing the power button. They will stay on as long as you are pressing button.

Silent mode temporarily
You can put your phone into silent ringing mode temporarily by pressing Menu then [#].
Closing the cover without ending a call
If you press the menu key and then close the sliding cover during a call you will not end your call.



Nokia 6150 Secrets (also work on other models)


Check the IMEI
*#06#
Service menu
*#92702689#
Show software version
*#0000# or *#6110#
Sim Clock Stop
*#746025625#
Warranty menu
*#92702689#
Press the following warranty code
6232 (OK) Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture
7332 (OK) Displays the date of the last repair
7832 (OK) Displays the date where the phone was purchased
9268 (OK) Displays Serial Number
37832 (OK) Set the Purchasing Date MMYY
87267 (OK) Transfers ALL phone numbers, pictures, sounds from one phone to another

Power Button Tip


If you press the button for a short moment, the menu with the profiles is shown on the display. If you press one more time, the mobile turns itself off. You can use the up and down cursor keys to scroll and enable a different alert setting.
The 54# Tip
Type 1#, 2#........54# on the keypad (when you're not in the menu) to get the phone number used for with this key when speed dialing.
Toggle Headset and Auto settings
#1: Try Connect the pin-out 1-2 (in front from the right.) to toggle headset settings (The phone will think that you ar using a headset - "headset" is displayed in the LCD)
#2:Try Connect the pin-out 2-3 (in front from the right.) to toggle auto settings (The phone will think that you are using it in the car - "auto" is displayed in the LCD)
Call Menu
(In a call) you can press and hold down the menu button for 3 sec. and a menu appears. (transfer, mute etc.)
Quick SMS Typing
When typing SMS messages, you have to wait some seconds before you can type the next letter if it is in the same button than the previous one. For example try to write the word "letter", you have to wait before you can enter the second "t". A much faster solution is to press the # button twice and then the letter "t".
The Reboot Trick
1. Go to calendar ( menu - 8 )
2. Make note / reminder
3. Enter some text into the edit box
4. Hold clear until whole text is cleared, then press back
5. Press 0. Main screen is shown but a space appears on the screen. You can't see it of course.
6. Enter 4 digits ( 1234 for example )
7. Use the down arrow to move the cursor to the left side of the numbers and the space (2 times down arrow)
8. Now enter 6 digits and press the green "Call button".
9. Wait some seconds..the phone will now flash the background light and finally reboot.



Philips Genie Secrets (also work on other models)
View the IMEI
*#06#
Status register
*#2254*#
Activate and deactivate the "DEBUG CALL"-Mode
*#2255*#
Time you are connected to the network
*#2558*#
Phone reconnects to the network
*#2562*#
Warm start
*#2565*#
(NO) BLOCKING - list (15 items)
*#3333*#
Init, Flags, SIM LOCK
*#3377*#
Reset the (NO) BLOCKING - list
*#3353*#
Name, Length, SIM phase
*#7378*#
SECURITY CODE
*#7489*#
Activate and deactivate the SLEEP MODE
*#7693*#
SPURIOUS INTERRUPT
*#7787*#
Activate the beep signal when the phone is reconnected to the network
*#2337*#



Samsung SGH-600 Secrets (also work on other models)
Show IMEI
*#06#
Show Software Version
*#9999#
Show Software Version (instructions)
*#0837#
Show Serial Parameters
*#0001#
Activates the smiley when charging
*#9125#
Battery status (capacity, voltage, temperature)
*#9998*228#
Program status
*#9998*246#
Change Alarm Buzzer Frequency
*#9998*289#
Debug screens
*#9998*324#
Watchdog
*#9998*364#
EEPROM Error Stack - Use side keys to select values. Cancel and ok.
*#9998*377#
Trace Watchdog
*#9998*427#
Change LCD contrast
*#9998*523#
Jig detect
*#9998*544#
Memory status
*#9998*636#
SIM File Size
*#9998*746#
SIM Service Table
*#9998*778#
RTK (Run Time Kernel) errors
*#9998*785#
Run, Last UP, Last DOWN
*#9998*786#
Software Version
*#9998*837#
Test Vibrator - Flash the screenligth during 10 seconds and vibration activated
*#9998*842#
Vocoder Reg - Normal, Earphone or car kit can be selected
*#9998*862#
Diag
*#9998*872#
Reset On Fatal Error
*#9998*947#
Last/Chk
*#9998*999#
Yann debug screen
*#9998*9266#
Software version
*#9998*9999#
Changes serial parameters (s=?, f=0,1, t=0,1)
*0001*s*f*t#

Sony CMDZ1 Secrets (also work on other models)

View IMEI
*#06#
Show Software version and manufacture date
# 8377466 #
Alcatel One Touch Secrets
View IMEI Number
*#06#
Enter Service Menu
*#000000#
View Secret Menu
000000 then press *

Sagem RC712 Secrets (also work on other models)

Enter Engineering menu
MENU - 5 - 1 - 1 - #
1) IMEI
2) Flash Eprom etc.
3) ?
4) SP unblock
5) ?
6) Contrast Settings.
When in menu type * and a new menu with new options will appear.

Siemens S1 Secrets (also work on other models)

Show IMEI
*#06#
Tetris
Power on phone and enter PIN. before phone has locked onto network, F9, send own number, hit right button, hit 9. left is 2, right is 8, rotate is 5,
and drop is 4.
Monitor Mode
Menu, 9 (Phone Options), 7 (Phone Status), Left Display Button (left MENU key), 5553756, HangUp Button (Red HandSet key)
Now "Monitor" should appear at the bottom of the Network Options menu.
Pressing the right Display Button when in monitor mode will show a list of the
six cells with the strongest signals.

Trium MTD30 Secrets (also work on other models)
Monitor mode
Hold C and press 379
Secret menu
Hold C and press 987
Version number
Hold C and press 597
Phase1 and 2
Hold C and press 499
Warm start
Hold C and press 179
Instant turn off
Hold C and press 999
Unlock menu
Hold C and press 787090

Bosch 718 (also work on other models)

Secret Engineering menu (menu 10) appear
*#3262255*8378#
Display the IMEI
*#06#
To set the language automatically (Reset to English)
*#0000#
Set the Enhaced Full Rate
*#3370#
Reset the phone
#3370#
Enter sim lock code
*#9000#
Enter the network code
*#9003#
Enter the subset code
*#9004#
Remove the sim lock permanently
*#9100#
Remove the corporate lock permanently
*#9101#
Remove the provider lock permanently
*#9102#
Remove the network lock permanently
*#9103#
Remove the subset lock permanently
*#9104#



Bosch 738 (also work on other models)
Secret Engineering menu (menu 10) appear
*#3262255*8378#
Display the IMEI
*#06#
To set the language automatically (Reset to English)
*#0000#
Set the Enhaced Full Rate
*#3370#
Reset the phone
#3370#
Enter sim lock code
*#9000#
Enter the network code
*#9003#
Enter the subset code
*#9004#
Remove the sim lock permanently
*#9100#
Remove the corporate lock permanently
*#9101#
Remove the provider lock permanently
*#9102#
Remove the network lock permanently
*#9103#
Remove the subset lock permanently
*#9104#



Bosch COM607 (also work on other models)

Secret Engineering menu (menu 10) appear
*#3262255*8378#
Display the IMEI
*#06#
To set the language automatically (Reset to English)
*#0000#
Set the Enhaced Full Rate
*#3370#
Reset the phone
#3370#
Enter sim lock code
*#9000#
Enter the network code
*#9003#
Enter the subset code
*#9004#
Remove the sim lock permanently
*#9100#
Remove the corporate lock permanently
*#9101#
Remove the provider lock permanently
*#9102#
Remove the network lock permanently
*#9103#
Remove the subset lock permanently
*#9104#



Bosch 908 (also work on other models)

Secret Engineering menu (menu 10) appear
*#3262255*8378#
Display the IMEI
*#06#
To set the language automatically (Reset to English)
*#0000#
Set the Enhaced Full Rate
*#3370#
Reset the phone
#3370#
Enter sim lock code
*#9000#
Enter the network code
*#9003#
Enter the subset code
*#9004#
Remove the sim lock permanently
*#9100#
Remove the corporate lock permanently
*#9101#
Remove the provider lock permanently
*#9102#
Remove the network lock permanently
*#9103#
Remove the subset lock permanently
*#9104#



Bosch 909/909s (also work on other models)
Display the IMEI
*#06#
Set the language automatically
*#0000#
Set the Enhanced Full Rate
*#3370#
Reset the phone
#3370#
Enter sim lock code
*#9000#
Enter the network code
*#9003#
Enter the subset code
*#9004#
Remove the sim lock permanently
*#9100#
Remove the corporate lock permanently
*#9101#
Remove the provider lock permanently
*#9102#
Remove the network lock permanently
*#9103#
Remove the subset lock permanently
*#9104#

Ericsson 688 Secrets (also work on other models)

Check the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
*#06#
Reset the phones menu-language to English.
*#0000#
Check the software release information
>*<<*<* Shortcut for Last Dialed call menu If you for some reason don't want to enter the 'Last Dialed calls menu' by using the 'YES' key you can use the following key stroke instead: First '0' then '#'. Bat. level indicator when turned OFF... When the gh688 is turned off and the phone is not changing - the bat. level can be seen for a short period of time by pressing the 'NO' key quick once (it has to be quick!) and then wait for about 2 sec. The bat. level will now be shown in the display at its normal position. Access menu without Sim card To access to the menu in your phone without having a card inside do the following: type **04*0000*0000*0000# When display say "Wrong Pin" press NO and you have access to the all menus: Info, Access, Settings, Calculator, Clock, Keylock On?, Mail, Phone book. NOTE: If you try this on the GH688 your phone may stop at Keylock On? menu and you´ll have to take your battery out to turn the phone on again. Full Network Name You can see the Full Network Name by doing the following: Go to the network menu, when the phone displays the networks available (in 'Select net' and 'Edit list' menu) you can press * and you will see the full name. Full Operator List You can view the full operator list by doing the following: Go to the 'Edit list' menu under 'networks'. The phone say 'please wait' (searching for other networks). When finished, Press the <> keys.
How to enable net monitor on Ericson 688
1. Remove SIM from phone
2. Dial 112, press YES, hear something,
3. Dial 112YESNO
4. Press <>Ericsson 628 Secrets (also work on other models)
Check the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
*#06#
Reset the phones menu-language to English.
*#0000#
To see the time and date
*#103#
Check the software release information
>*<<*<* Shortcut for Last Dialed call menu If for some reason you don't want to enter the 'Last Dialed calls menu' by using the 'YES' key you can use the following key stroke instead: First '0' then '#'. Battery level indicator when turned OFF When the phone is turned off and the phone is not changing - the battery level can be seen for a short period of time by pressing the 'NO' key quick once (it has to be quick!) and then wait for about 2 sec. The battery level will now be shown in the display at its normal position. Access menu without Sim card To access to the menu in your phone without having a card inside do the following: type **04*0000*0000*0000# When display say "Wrong Pin" press NO and you have access to the all menus: Info, Access, Settings, Calculator, Clock, Keylock On?, Mail, Phone book. Alarm Clock Menu Go to MissedCall Empty the list Press the -> key for a second or two
The option Menu size turns up
Choose 'yes' and go from there.

You can make free phone calls with GA628 (also work on other models)

NOTE: This trick has only been reported working on PREPAID GSM CARDS and in some countries and with some software versions.
The prepaid GSM SIM CARD is a kind of "SIM card" which only has a certain amount of credit on it.
Here's the trick: Dial the number normally and press YES. While "connecting" is shown on the screen, the following procedure should be carried out:
Press CLR then 0 then # and then NO (twice) so as to switch OFF the phone. You can then still speak on the phone while it is switched off but the SIM card does not record your calls which will lead to FREE phone calls in some countries.. I hope!!

Motorola Flare Secrets (also work on other models)

View IMEI Number
*#06#
RBS
Activate RBS
(Note: pause means the * key held in until box appears)
To activate RBS type: [pause] [pause] [pause] 1 1 3 [pause] 1 [pause] [ok]
You now have to press the [MENU] and scroll to the 'Eng Field Options' function with the keys, and enable it.
De-activate RBS
To de-activate RBS type: [pause] [pause] [pause] 1 1 3 [pause] 0 [pause] [ok]
This only works with some versions of software.
What's the use of RBS
Get Distance From Base Station - Place a call, when it is answered, press [MENU] until 'Eng Field Option' is displayed, press [OK], select 'Active Cell', press [OK], press [MENU] until 'Time Adv xxx' appears, where xxx is a number. Multiply this number by 550, and the result is the distance from the RBS (Radio Base Station), in meters.
Get Signal Quality - press [MENU] until 'Eng Field Option' is displayed, press [OK], select 'Active Cell', press [OK], press [MENU] until 'C1' appears. This is the signal quality. If it becomes negative for longer than 5 seconds, a new cell is selected.

NEC DB2000 Secrets (also work on other models)
See IMEI code
*#06#
Reset to defaults
*73738#
Show Software version
*#2820#
SP Lock info
The procedure will show if your phone is locked.
*#3210# for SIM lock info,
*#8140# for Net lock info.
SIM lock
*#4960 # - Inquiry * 4960 * password * password # (send?) to Lock
#4960* password # to Unlock
[password] is an 8 digits number
Net Lock
*#7320# - Inquiry * 7320 * password * password # to Lock.
#7320* password # to Unlock.
[password] is an 8 digits number
Net Lock 2
*#2220# - Inquiry * 2220 * password * password # to Lock
#2220* password # to Unlock
[password] is an 8 digits number
ü Subnet Lock
*#1110# - Inquiry * 1110 * password * password # to Lock
#1110* password # to Unlock [password] is an 8 digits number

Check any free Hidden offers available for your Aircel SIM

*111# to check the Aircel Balance (normal)

*111*1# - to check Aircel - Aircel Balance

*111*2# - Local Mobile calls Balance

*111*3# - Balance for US & Canada Calls (Booster card balance)

*111*4# - Local Mobile calls balance

*111*5# - Local SMS's Left for your Booster Card

*111*6# - Balance for STD Mobile Calls (applicable for Booster cards)

*111*7# - STD SmS'es Balance

*111*8# - Balance for Malaysia and Singapore Pack (booster card)

*111*10# - Balance days remaining for Unlimited GPRS plan (this may applicable
for both Pocket internet cards and Offer SIM Cards).



*444*1# - Boomarang AIrcel to Aircel Balance

*444*2# - Free calls Balance

*444*3# - Free AIrcel to aircel call balance

*444*4# - Free calls to other mobiles

*444*5# - Boomerang GPRS browsing Balance

Go to settings and choose
call divert then
divertGo to settings and choose
call divert then
divert when out of reach
Enter 9842201006
ok when out of reach
Enter 9842201006
ok

tricks in MICROSOFT WORD

Do you know you can create table in word
Without using and table properties
By using simple + and - you can create the table.
+-----+---------+
Type like that plus and minus alternate
Maintain – continuously


Then press enter button you can see table
This is the trick
Minus represent width of the table
Plus represent the column

hai to all my blog reader

wish u all good health,


thanks for reading my blog,
comments are invited,
u can ask queries using comment option.


blogs will be continued after semester exams.....

-------thanks for the support
A.Prabhakaran

Convert and Open MS Office 2007 in Older Version
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LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM
GENERAL
RELATED DOCUMENTS
General: Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division 1 Specification sections, apply to work specified of this section.
DESCRIPTION
General: Provide a complete lightning protection system as indicated on the drawings and as specified herein. The lightning protection system shall be installed by a firm presently engaged in installations of Master Labeled or LPI certified lightning protection systems. The system as completed shall comply with the latest edition of UL96A, Installation Requirements for Lightning Protection Systems, and NFPA-780 "Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems." The system shall meet all requirements of these standards and the Lightning Protection Institute Standard of Practice LPI-175. All components required for a UL master label and a full LPI certification plate shall be provided whether or not such materials are specifically addressed by the contract drawings or described herein.
Qualification: All installers shall be experienced with installing UL master labeled and LPI certified systems or of equivalent qualification, as accepted in writing by the engineer of record. A UL/LPI certified installer shall be on the project site at all times during installation of the systems and shall supervise all of the installation.
COUNTERPOISE CONDUCTOR
General: Where indicated on the drawings or required by NFPA 780, the structure shall be provided with a below-grade continuous counterpoiseconductor, equal in size to the largest conductor in the building lightning protection system, or sized as indicated on the drawing. This conductorshall be installed at a minimum depth of two feet below finished grade and a minimum of two feet from the exterior foundation wall of the building. Thecounterpoise conductor shall be copper and extend continuously around the entire perimeter of the building. All joints and connections shall be exothermically welded.


MACRO: DESIGNER TO DELETE WHERE BUILDING IS LESS THAN 60’ HIGH.
Counterpoise: As a minimum, the counterpoise conductor shall be connected to each of the following system components utilizing appropriate exothermic welds:
Each down conductor or steel column ground.
All counterpoise conductors on power and communications ducts which enter the building.
The building electrical service ground.
All metallic water and gas services entering the building (ahead of meter).
Counterpoise conductor on adjacent buildings (within fifty feet).
All metallic fence posts, safety railings, etc., or any other metallic item within ten feet of the project building.
SUBMITTALS
General: Shop drawings identifying all system wiring and component placement, including all details, shall be submitted to the Engineer for review. The Contractor shall not perform any portion of the Work until the respective submittal has been accepted. All work shall be in accordance with accepted submittals.
Detail Submission: Details shall be submitted to the Engineer for review indicating the method of cabling connections and attachments starting at the top of the project building to the ground rods at the counterpoise. All details shall be appropriate for the project.
Identification: All product data sheets submitted, for proposed system components, shall clearly identify the item being submitted and shall indicate the UL label.
Suppression Device: All transient voltage surge suppressors for the project shall be submitted at the same time as the lightning protection floor plans, details and product data sheets are submitted. Each suppressor shall clearly indicate the item to be protected and shall comply with Section 16709 of these specifications. Suppressors shall be provided as required in NFPA 780 unless otherwise indicated on the drawings or otherwise specified.
Deviations: The Contractor shall not be relieved of responsibility for deviations from requirements of the Contract Documents by the acceptance of shop drawings, product data, samples or similar submittals unless the Contractor has specifically informed the Engineer in writing of such deviation at the time of submittal and the Engineer has given written acceptance to the specific deviation.
Certification: Provide documentation of UL master label, LPI certification or equivalent qualification of exact installer intended to do this particular job.
PRODUCTS
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Labels: All materials used for the system installation shall comply in size, composition and weight to all requirements of NFPA U.L. and LPI for the class of system in which they are installed. All materials shall be labeled or listed by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. for use in master labeled or LPI certified lightning protection systems.
Material: Generally, the external lightning protection system at the roof level shall be constructed of copper cable and copper compatible components. The internal lightning protection system, starting with the down conductors and concluding at the ground termination system shall be constructed of copper cable and copper compatible components. Likewise, all bonding conductors, equipotential loop conductors, etc, shall also be constructed of compatible cable and components.
Compatibility: All portions of the system, whether copper or aluminum, shall be galvanically compatible to the building material to which they are to be attached. Connections between copper and aluminum portions of the system shall be made with appropriate bimetallic coupling devices. In all areas, the conductor shall be supported to maintain clearance from all galvanically incompatible materials or shall be of the same material if permitted within these specifications.
Components: All system components (i.e. air terminals, bases, connectors, cable, thru-roof fittings, ground rods, etc.) shall be, to the maximum extent possible, the product of a single manufacturer. All components shall be Class I or II as required by NFPA 780 or as noted. All air terminal bases shall be securely mounted to the building structure by means of mechanical fasteners. Adhesive type air terminal bases are acceptable only where hard setting epoxy adhesive is utilized, where mechanical fastening is prohibited by the roofing manufacturer and where acceptable to the code authority having jurisdiction. Submit shop drawings for all proposed air terminal mounting details.
AIR TERMINALS
General: Air Terminals shall be copper as required to match the building system to which they attach. Air terminals shall protrude a minimum of 10 inches above the object to be protected. Center roof terminals shall be 24” high. Air terminal points shall be blunt with the radius of curvature equal to the rod diameter.
Base: Each air terminal shall be equipped with the correct type of base for the location in which it is mounted.


C. Roof Top Equipment: Air terminals and interconnecting cable shall be provided for all roof mounted equipment (fans, A/C equipment, etc.) subject to a direct strike as required by NFPA 780 and as shown.
CONDUCTORS
General: Main roof conductors shall be copper unless otherwise specified or required and shall provide a two-way path from each air terminal horizontally or downward to connections with down conductors. Conductors shall be free of excessive splices and bends. No bend of a conductorshall form an included angle of less than 90 degrees nor have a radius of bend of less than 8 inches. Conductors shall be secured to the structure at intervals not exceeding 3 feet with approved fasteners. Cables connected to “thru-roof” connectors may rise from the roof to the connector at a maximum slope of 3 inches per foot, not exceeding 3 feet horizontally in air.
Down Conductors: Down conductors shall be copper and shall be concealed in the exterior wall construction or structural columns. Where run in or on reinforced concrete columns, bond down conductor to the re-bar at top and bottom of column. Down conductors shall be spaced at intervals averaging not more than 100 feet around the perimeter of the structure. If project structure is of structural steel frame construction, down conductors may be omitted and roof conductors shall be connected to the structural steel frame at intervals averaging not more than 100 feet around the perimeter of the structure. Connections to the steel frame shall be made with heavy duty bonding plates having 8 square inches of contact surface or with exothermic welds.
Shop Drawing: Submit all conductor types in shop drawings. Each conductor shall be identified as to location in the lightning protection system.
ROOF PENETRATIONS
General: Roof penetrations required for down conductors or for connections to structural steel framework shall be made using pre-manufactured U.L. approved thru-roof type assemblies with solid rods, PVC sleeves and appropriate roof flashing. Roof flashing shall be compatible with the roofing system and shall be provided under this contract and installed by the roofing contractor. Submit roof flashing data sheets and letter of acceptance from roofing contractor in shop drawing package.
COMMON GROUNDING
General: Common grounding of all ground mediums within the project building shall be made by interconnecting with main size conductors, fittings as required or exothermic welds.
Bonding: Grounded metal bodies located within the required bonding distance (as determined by the bonding distance formulas in NFPA 780) shall be bonded to the system using bonding conductors and fittings. Bond to rebar utilizing exothermic weld connections.
GROUND TERMINATIONS
General: One ground termination shall be provided for each down conductor and shall consist of one ¾” inch x 10 foot copper-clad ground rod.. Each down conductor shall be connected to the ground rod by an exothermic weld connection. Tops of ground rods shall be located 2 feet below finished grade and 2 feet from the foundation wall and shall extend a minimum of 10 feet vertically into the earth. Where a counterpoise is provided, rods shall be interconnected with the counterpoise.
General: Where the structural steel framework is utilized as the down conductor for the system, every other perimeter steel column shall be grounded but no more than 60 feet apart. Steel columns shall be grounded using bonding plates having 8 square inches of surface contact area or with exothermic welds. Conductors from the steel column connections to the ground terminations shall be full size copper lightning conductors.
FASTENERS
General: Conductor fasteners shall be manufactured of a material which is compatible with the type of conductor being supported. Fasteners shall be of sufficient strength to properly support each conductor or terminal base, etc.
ACCEPTABLE MANUFACTURERS
Manufacturers: Equipment manufactured by ERICO, INC.
Certified Installer: BONDED LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS, INC.

2080 W. INDIANTOWN ROAD, SUITE 100

JUPITER, FL 33458 561/746-4336
EXECUTION
INSTALLATION OF CONDUCTORS
General: Conductors shall be installed to interconnect all air terminals to the system of grounding electrodes, and in general provide a minimum of at least 2 paths to ground from any air terminal on the system. Conductors shall provide a horizontal or downward path between the system air terminals and grounding electrode system.
Routing: Conductors shall be routed in such a manner that maximum concealment from public view is achieved. Down conductors may be installed in one-inch PVC conduit from roof to grade.
Counterpoise Conductors: Counterpoise conductors shall be installed after finished grades are established to insure specified depth and to minimize the possibility of damage. Any counterpoise conductor which is cut or damaged shall be repaired or replaced with no additional cost to the contract.
Connections: All connections between conductors below grade shall be exothermically welded. Improper application of weld shall be replaced at no additional cost to the contract.
INSTALLATION OF GROUND RODS
General: Ground rods shall be installed vertically at each down conductor position at a minimum of 2 feet from the building foundation wall. Inspection and documentation at each grounded location, weld, depth of counterpoise, etc., shall be made prior to backfill. Contractor shall notify engineer in writing to request inspection of underground work and for L.P.I. inspection before backfill. Allow a minimum of one week for engineer to make the inspection after notification from contractor.
Test/Inspection Wells: Provide prefabricated test and inspection wells for all ground rods installed in paved or concrete areas.
BONDING OF SECONDARY METALLIC BODIES
A. Structure Grounding: Provision shall be made at the roof level on reinforced concrete structures for bonding between the roof or down conductors, metallic elements of the roof system and metallic exterior wall systems.
Bonding: All down conductors run in concrete columns shall be bonded to the reinforcing steel at the top and the bottom of the column.
GENERAL WORKMANSHIP
General: All elements of the Lightning Protection System shall be installed in a professional and workmanlike manner consistent with the best industry practices.
Concealed Installation: All system components shall be concealed to the maximum extent possible to preserve the aesthetic appearance of the project building on which the system is installed.
COORDINATION WITH OTHER TRADES
Coordination: The Contractor shall coordinate his work with all trades, to insure the use of proper materials and procedures in and around the roof in order not to jeopardize the roofing warranty.
Fasteners: Where fasteners are to be embedded in masonry or the structural system, they shall be coordinated to insure installation at the proper time of construction.
Certification: Upon completion of the installation the Contractor shall provide to the owner the Master Label issued by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. for the installation, and the LPI certification issued by LPI.

Stepper motors offer many advantages. Although feedback is not usually required, stepper motors are compatible with feedback signals, either analog or digital. Error is noncumulative as long as pulse-to-step integrity is maintained by the stepper motor. A stream of pulses can be counted into stepper motors, and the stepper motor's final position will be known within a small percentage of one step.

Since maximum dynamic torque occurs at low pulse rates, stepping motors can easily accelerate a load. When the desired position is reached and command pulses cease, the stepper motor shaft stops and there is no need for clutches or brakes. The stepper motor is generally left energized at a stop position. Once stopped, the stepper motor resists dynamic movement up to the value of the holding torque. An additional feature of the PM stepper motor is that when all power is removed, it is magnetically detented in the last position. A wide range of step angles are available -- 1.8 to 80°, for example -- without logic manipulation. Stepper motors have inherent low velocity without gear reduction. A typical stepper motor driven at 500 pps turns at 150 rpm. The stepper motor's rotor inertia is usually low. Multiple stepper motors driven from the same source maintain perfect synchronization.

But the stepper motor's efficiency is low; much of the input energy must be dissipated as heat. Load must be analyzed carefully for optimum stepper motor performance. And inputs must be matched to the stepper motor and load. Damping may be required when load inertia is exceptionally high to prevent oscillation.

Stepper Motor - Excitation modes: Stepper motors can be excited in different modes, depending on stator winding and desired performance.

Stepper Motor - Two phase: One entire phase (stator winding) of the stepper motor, end-tap to end-tap is energized at a given moment in time. Input current and wattage are halved (compared to four-phase excitation), and heat dissipation is decreased. Output can be improved by as much as 10%. In the stepper motor's two-phase modified mode, both windings (end-tap to end-tap) are energized simultaneously. Energy input in this mode is the same as four phase, but output performance is increased by about 40%. The stepper motor control is complex and costly for this mode.

Stepper Motor - Three phase: Many variable-reluctance stepper motors use three-phase windings. In modified mode, two adjoining phases are excited simultaneously and the rotor indexes to a minimum reluctance position corresponding to the resultant of the two magnetic fields. Since two stepper motor windings are excited, twice as much power is required as the standard mode (one phase at a time). The stepper motor's output is not increased, but damping is improved.

Stepper Motor - Four phase: Each of the stepper motor's half winding is regarded as a separate phase, and phases are energized two at a time. Although this mode isn't very efficient, the controller is simple. Compared to single-phase excitation, twice the input energy is required. Torque output is increased by about 40%, and maximum response rate is increased.

Stepper Motor - Five phase: Five-phase stepper motors have 10 poles rather than the 8 poles typically used in other stepper motors. Rotor-to-stator offset becomes one-fourth to one-tenth the rotor tooth pitch. A 50-tooth rotor provides a full-step of 0.72°, and a 100-tooth version produces a 0.36° full-step (0.18° half-step). The stepper motors run at 500, 1,000, or 2,000 steps/rev with improved loaded-position accuracy and stiffer response. In addition to higher resolution, five-phase stepper motors produce less vibration than two to four-phase stepper motors with virtually no resonance effects.

Stepper Motor - Variable reluctance: These stepper motors have soft iron multipole rotors and a wound stator. The number of teeth on the rotor and stator, as well as the number of winding phases, determines the step angle. Variable-reluctance stepper motors are generally medium step-angle devices (5 to 15°) which operate at high step speeds. The stepper motor's torque is generally low. Rotor inertia and, thus, inertial load capacity are extremely low. Motors of this type operate at maximum pulse rates from 300 to 1,000 steps/sec and have a maximum load inertia capacity of about two-thirds of rotor inertia. When excited in an overlap mode, these stepper motors can move at half step angles and double pulse rates. These stepper motors produce a net output velocity, which remains the same.



Stepper Motor - Permanent magnet: PM stepper motors generally are thought of as low-torque, large step-angle devices. Torque developed by the stepper motors is far below that for equivalent-size hybrid stepper motors, and step angle generally is 90 or 45° . Position resolution, moreover, is on the order of +10% of step angle, a value that generally relegates the stepper motors to unsophisticated motion-control applications. Maximum pulse rates are for 100 steps/sec for large units to 350 steps/sec for small units. Stepper motors offer a rotor inertia, which is moderate between 5 and 75 gm-cm2.

Rare-earth magnets make possible PM stepper motors having a large number of poles. With a suitable number of poles, PM stepper motors develop more torque than either hybrid stepper motors or dc servomotors. Speed range for the stepper motors is less than that for dc types but much higher than that for hybrids.

Position resolution of the PM stepper motors is less than that for hybrids. But unlike hybrids, some PM stepper motors perform well in closed-loop systems.

Both cemf and iron losses are proportional to the number of poles in the stepper motor. Thus, available torque from a PM stepper motor falls off more slowly with speed than in hybrids and more rapidly than in dc motors. The result is that PM stepper motors operate effectively at higher speeds -- up to about 3,500 rpm -- than hybrids but not as high as dc types. The speed range for PM stepper motors, however, suits a wide range of servo applications.

Stepper Motor - Hybrid: Hybrid stepper motors are frequently chosen for a wide variety of motion-control systems because they are easy to use. Stepper motors can maintain accuracy and reliability in open-loop mode, requiring less complex drive electronics than closed-loop servocontrollers. And absolute positioning accuracy for stepper motors is comparable to closed-loop servocontrollers for many applications.
Conventional hybrid stepper motors are rarely used in closed-loop systems because torque falls rapidly as current increases above the peak torque point -- putting them outside typical control limits. The stepper motor's torque also decreases as speed rises. If driven too fast, hybrids lose position accuracy by skipping steps.

A stepper motor's peak torque is limited by the flux level that saturates the rotor and stator teeth. But an enhanced stepper motor is now available that reduces saturation effects and produces 50 to 100% more torque than conventional stepper motors for the same input power.

Both conventional and enhanced stepper motors develop maximum torque when the rotor teeth are offset by one-quarter tooth pitch from opposing poles in the energized phase. The stepper motor pole pairs develop appreciable torque even at zero current. Torque increases as current approaches the rated value.

At or near rated current in conventional stepper motors, a larger part of the air-gap flux traverses the gap from stator slot to rotor slot rather than from tooth to tooth, thus producing less torque.

The enhanced stepper motor uses a relatively new stator design to get around this problem. Here, samarium-cobalt or neodymium-iron-boron magnets are embedded in slots between the teeth. More concentrated flux lines result between the stepper motor's rotor and stator teeth with fewer flux lines lost to the slotted air gap. These new slot magnets focus the air-gap flux, reduce leakage, and allow the stepper motor to produce more torque.

Torque is also produced by a second pair of poles of the same phase placed 180° away from each other, and 90° away from the first pair. The second pole pair of the conventional stepper motor produces a torque that opposes the positive-acting pair. This negative torque is large at low currents but diminishes near rated current.

Enhanced stepper motors also have large negative torques at low current. But positive-acting flux from the permanent magnets in the stator overcomes the small negative torque generated at rated current. The resulting torque then aids the pole pair producing the primary positive torque.

The slot magnets in enhanced stepper motors provide peak torques reaching twice that of conventional stepper motors. Moreover, these stepper motors can handle three times rated current compared to only two times for conventional stepper motors. Depending upon the inertial load, these new stepper motors reach speeds of 5,000 to 10,000 steps/sec. Corresponding torques are 200 oz-in. to 3,100 oz-in. in 2 to 4-in.-diameter packages. Hybrid stepper motors also generally have high inertia (30 to 40,000 gm-cm2), small step angles (0.5 to 15°) and high accuracy (± 3%).

GE Digital Energy says its Multilin HardFiber System eliminates the need for thousands of copper wires in a substation and replaces them with a few fibre-optic cables.
By eliminating the need to install and maintain the copper wires, used for signalling and monitoring in electrical substations, utilities can save up to 50% of protection and control installation and maintenance costs, while at the same time increasing worker safety and power system reliability.
The system, based on IEC 61850, is made up of four key elements: the brick, the cross connect panel, the rugged outdoor fibre cables and the universal relay IEC 61850 process card.
The system's single, pre-terminated fibre-optic connections reduce the multitude of copper wires that need to be pulled, spliced and terminated.
It provides an identical interface to all primary system equipment, eliminating custom designs.
Source


Servo motors are used in closed loop control systems in which work is the control variable, Figure 9. The digital servo motor controller directs operation of the servo motor by sending velocity command signals to the amplifier, which drives the servo motor.

Figure 9 - Typical dc servo motor system with either encoder or resolver feedback. Some older servo motor systems use a tachometer and encoder for feedback.


An integral feedback device (resolver) or devices (encoder and tachometer) are either incorporated within the servo motor or are remotely mounted, often on the load itself. These provide the servo motor's position and velocity feedback that the controller compares to its programmed motion profile and uses to alter its velocity signal. Servo motors feature a motion profile, which is a set of instructions programmed into the controller that defines the servo motor operation in terms of time, position, and velocity. The ability of the servo motor to adjust to differences between the motion profile and feedback signals depends greatly upon the type of controls and servo motors used. See the servo motors Control and Sensors Product section.

Three basic types of servo motors are used in modern servosystems: ac servo motors, based on induction motor designs; dc servo motors, based on dc motor designs; and ac brushless servo motors, based on synchronous motor designs.

The circuits below light a 20 watt lamp when the contacts are touched and the skin resistance is about 2 Megs or less. The circuit on the left uses a power MOSFET which turns on when the voltage between the source and gate is around 6 volts. The gate of the MOSFET draws no current so the voltage on the gate will be half the supply voltage or 6 volts when the resistance across the touch contacts is equal to the fixed resistance (2 Megs) between the source and gate.
The circuit on the right uses three bipolar transistors to accomplish the same result with the touch contact referenced to the negative or ground end of the supply. Since the base of a bipolar transistor draws current and the current gain is usually less than 200, three transistors are needed to raise the microamp current level through the touch contacts to a couple amps needed by the light. For additional current, the lamp could be replaced with a 12 volt relay and diode across the coil.

project based on the fact that how electricity can be generated with the help of speed breaker by making gear arrangement and using electronics gadgets, thus a huge amount of electricity can be generated saving lot of money. And if implemented will be very beneficial for Government.

Generation of electricity by Speed breakers
An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage, electricity shortage electricity crisis. While not entering a full crisis, political riots that occurred during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were initially sparked by rising energy prices. Likewise the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been mostly resolved before entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be ageing over-consumption, infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters. EMERGING SHORTAGES Crisis that currently exist include; • Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing demand from the U.S and China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar, and stagnation of production due to the U.S. occupation of Iraq. Iraq is #3 in the world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil reserves. However some observers have stated the global oil production peak occurred in December 2005. If this is correct it is also to blame. • 2008 Central Asia energy crisis, caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power • South African electrical crisis Solution for Energy Crisis NEXT time on the roads, don’t scoff at the speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages off the highway. This project is about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with the SPEED BREAKERS. Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when vehicle traveling at high speed strikes the wind then also heat energy is produced which is always lost in environment and of which we can’t make use of….OR directly we can say that all this energy that we can’t make use of is just the WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generate an ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This project will work on the principle of “POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION” Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to change the states of objects in the system when the energy is released If h is the height above an arbitrarily assigned reference point, then Kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. Negative work of the same magnitude would be required to return the body to a state of rest from that velocity. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula: In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip When the breaker come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a angular motion converter). This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity. A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute.

There are many different technologies used in circuit breakers and they do not always fall into distinct categories. Types that are common in domestic, commercial and light industrial applications at low voltage (less than 1000 V) include:
MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)—rated current not more than 100 A. Trip characteristics normally not adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Breakers illustrated above are in this category.
MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)—rated current up to 1000 A. Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable.
Electric power systems require the breaking of higher currents at higher voltages. Examples of high-voltage AC circuit breakers are:
Vacuum circuit breaker—With rated current up to 3000 A, these breakers interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container. These can only be practically applied for voltages up to about 35,000 V, which corresponds roughly to the medium-voltage range of power systems. Vacuum circuit breakers tend to have longer life expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers.
Air circuit breaker—Rated current up to 10,000 A. Trip characteristics are often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays. Usually electronically controlled, though some models are microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic trip unit. Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant, where the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures for ease of maintenance.

In physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a spectroscopic technique where a special generation and detection scheme is used to probe material properties with short pulses of terahertz radiation. The generation and detection scheme is sensitive to the sample material's effect on both the amplitude and the phase of the terahertz radiation. In this respect, the technique can provide more information than conventional Fourier-transform spectroscopy that is only sensitive to the amplitude.

The radiation has several distinct advantages over other forms of spectroscopy: many materials are transparent to THz, THz radiation is safe for biological tissues because it is non-ionizing (unlike for example X-rays), and images formed with terahertz radiation can have relatively good resolution (less than 1 mm). Also, many interesting materials have unique spectral fingerprints in the terahertz range, which means that terahertz radiation can be used to identify them. Examples which have been demonstrated include several different types of explosives, polymorphic forms of many compounds used as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) in commercial medications as well as several illegal narcotic substances. Again, as many materials are quite transparent to THz radiation, these items of interest can be observed through normally opaque intervening layers (packaging, clothing). Additionally, though not strictly a spectroscopic technique, the ultrashort width of the THz radiation pulses allows for measurements (e.g., thickness, density, defect location) on difficult to probe materials (e.g., foam). The measurement capability shares many similarities to that observed with pulsed ultrasonic systems. Reflections off buried interfaces and defects can be found and precisely imaged. THz measurements are non-contact however.

Typically, the terahertz pulses are generated by an ultrashort pulsed laser and last only a few picoseconds. A single pulse can contain frequency components covering the whole terahertz range from 0.05 to 4 THz. For detection, the electrical field of the terahertz pulse is sampled and digitized, conceptually similar to the way an audio card transforms electrical voltage levels in an audio signal into numbers that describe the audio waveform. In THz-TDS, the electrical field of the THz pulse interacts in the detector with a much-shorter laser pulse (e.g. 0.1 picoseconds) in a way that produces an electrical signal that is proportional to the electric field of the THz pulse at the time the laser pulse gates the detector on. By repeating this procedure and varying the timing of the gating laser pulse, it is possible to scan the THz pulse and construct its electric field as a function of time. Subsequently, a Fourier transform is used to extract the frequency spectrum from the time-domain data.

ANSI - American National Standards Institute
AS - Australian Standards
BS - British Standard
CE - European Conformity Marking
CENELEC - European Committe for Electrotechnical Standardization
CSA - Canandian Standards Association
DIN - German Industrial Standards
IEC - International Electrotechnical Commision
ISO - International Standards Organization
JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards
NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers Association
UL - Underwriter's Laboratories, Inc.
VDE - Association of German Electrical Engineers

Parts:
R1____________100K 1/4W Resistor
R2______________3K9 1/4W Resistor
R3______________1M 1/4W Resistor
C1,C2_________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C3____________220µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1______________LED Red 10mm. Ultra-bright (see Notes)
D2___________1N5819 40V 1A Schottky-barrier Diode (see Notes)
Q1____________BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistor
IC1____________7555 or TS555CN CMos Timer IC
L1_____________Sensor coil (see Notes)
B1_____________1.5V Battery (AA or AAA cell etc.)
This circuit was designed to detect when a call is incoming in a cellular phone (even when the calling tone of the device is switched-off) by means of a flashing LED.
The device must be placed a few centimeters from the cellular phone, so its sensor coil L1 can detect the field emitted by the phone receiver during an incoming call.
The signal detected by the sensor coil is amplified by transistor Q1 and drives the monostable input pin of IC1. The IC's output voltage is doubled by C2 & D2 in order to drive the high-efficiency ultra-bright LED at a suitable peak-voltage.

Electric motors, both ac motors and dc motors, come in many shapes and sizes. Some are standardized electric motors for general-purpose applications. Other electric motors are intended for specific tasks. In any case, electric motors should be selected to satisfy the dynamic requirements of the machines on which they are applied without exceeding rated electric motor temperature. Thus, the first and most important step in electric motor selection is determining load characteristics -- torque and speed versus time. Electric motor selection is also based on mission goals, power available, and cost.


Starting and running torque are the first parameters to consider when sizing electric motors. Starting torque requirements for electric motors can vary from a small percentage of full load to a value several times full-load torque. Starting torque varies because of a change in load conditions or the mechanical nature of the machine, which the electric motor is installed in. The latter could be caused by the lubricant, wear of moving parts, or other reasons.

Electric motors feature torque supplied to the driven machine, which must be more than that required from start to full speed. The greater the electric motor's reserve torque, the more rapid the acceleration.

Electric motor drive systems that use gear reducers have parts that rotate at different speeds. To calculate acceleration torque required for these electric motors, rotating components must be reduced to a common base. The part inertias are usually converted to their equivalent value at the drive shaft. Equivalent inertia W2K22 of the load only is found from:



W2K22 =(W1K12)(N1/N2)2

where W1K21 = load inertia in lb-ft2, N1 = load speed in rpm, and N2 = electric motor speed in rpm.

Electric motors have bodies, which have a straight-line motion are often connected to rotating driving units by rack-and-pinion, cable, or cam mechanisms. For these electric motor parts, the equivalent WK2 is found from:



WK2 = W(S/2ΠN)2



where W = load weight, S = translation speed in fpm, Π is pi, and N = rotational speed in rpm.

Electric Motors - Acceleration time:
Acceleration time for electric motors is directly proportional to total inertia and inversely proportional to the electric motor torque. For electric motors with constant acceleration torque, acceleration time is:




where WK2 = rotational inertia in lb-ft2, (N2 - N1) = the speed difference, and Tx = acceleration torque in lb-ft. For translating bodies, acceleration time is:




where W = weight of the load in lb, (S2 - S1) = the translation speed difference, and Fx = translation force in lb.

An approximation method is necessary to find the electric motor's acceleration time if acceleration torque is not linear during speed increase. The quickest method is to break up the speed versus torque curves of the electric motor and the driven machine into segments and calculate acceleration time for each segment. Accurate electric motor acceleration times usually result.


Electric Motors - Power rating:
Electric motors offer the horsepower required to drive a machine, which is typically referred to as electric motor load. The most common equation for power based electric motors on torque and rotational speed is: hp = (torque X rpm)/5,250.

If the electric motor's load is not constant and follows a definite cycle, a horsepower versus time curve for the driven machine is helpful. From this curve both peak and rms the electric motor's horsepower can be determined. Rms load horsepower indicates the necessary continuous electric motor rating. Peak load horsepower is not necessarily an indication of the required electric motor rating. However, when a peak load is maintained for a period of time, electric motors feature a rating, which usually should not be less than peak load horsepower.

Duty cycle - Electric Motors:
Continuous steady-running loads over long periods are demonstrated by fans and blowers. On the other hand, electric motors installed in machines with flywheels may have wide variations in running loads. Often, electric motors use flywheels to supply the energy to do the work, and the electric motor does nothing but restore lost energy to the flywheel. Therefore, choosing the proper electric motor also depends on whether the load is steady, varies, follows a repetitive cycle of variation, or has pulsating torque or shocks.
For example, electric motors that run continuously in fans and blowers for hours or days may be selected on the basis of continuous load. But electric motors located in devices like automatically controlled compressors and pumps start a number of times per hour. And electric motors in some machine tools start and stop many times per minute.

Duty cycle is a fixed repetitive load pattern over a given period of time which is expressed as the ratio of on-time to cycle period. When operating cycle is such that electric motors operate at idle or a reduced load for more than 25% of the time, duty cycle becomes a factor in sizing electric motors. Also, energy required to start electric motors (that is, accelerating the inertia of the electric motor as well as the driven load) is much higher than for steady-state operation, so frequent starting could overheat the electric motor.

For most electric motors (except squirrel-cage electric motors during acceleration and plugging) current is almost directly proportional to developed torque. At constant speed, torque is proportional to horsepower. For accelerating loads and overloads on electric motors that have considerable droop, equivalent horsepower is used as the load factor. The next step in sizing the electric motor is to examine the electric motor's performance curves to see if the electric motor has enough starting torque to overcome machine static friction, to accelerate the load to full running speed, and to handle maximum overload.


Electric Motors - Service factors:
A change in NEMA standards for electric motor service factors and temperature rise has been brought about because of better insulation used on electric motors. For instance, a 1.15 service factor -- once standard for all open electric motors -- is no longer standard for electric motors above 200 hp.
Increases in electric motor temperature are measured by the resistance method in the temperature rise table. Electric motors feature a nameplate temperature rise, which is always expressed for the maximum allowable load. That is, if the electric motor has a service factor greater than unity, the nameplate temperature rise is expressed for the overload. Two Class-B insulated electric motors having 1.15 and 1.25 service factors will, therefore, each be rated for a 90°C rise. But the second electric motor will have to be larger than the first in order to dissipate the additional heat it generates at 125% load.

Electric motors feature a service factor, which indicates how much over the nameplate rating any given electric motor can be driven without overheating. NEMA Standard MGI-143 defines service factor of an ac motor as "...a multiplier which, when applied to the rated horsepower, indicates a permissible horsepower loading which may be carried under the conditions specified for the service factor..." In other words, multiplying the electric motor's nameplate horsepower by the service factor tells how much electric motors can be overloaded without overheating. Generally, electric motor service factors:

Handle a known overload, which is occasional.
Provide a factor of safety where the environment or service condition is not well defined, especially for general-purpose electric motors.
Obtain cooler-than-normal electric motor operation at rated load, thus lengthening insulation life.


Electric Motors - Efficiency:
Small universal electric motors have an efficiency of about 30%, while 95% efficiencies are common for three-phase machines. In less-efficient electric motors, the amount of power wasted can be reduced by more careful application and improved electric motor design.
Electric motor's feature an efficiency level, which also depends on actual electric motor load versus rated load, being greatest near rated load and falling off rapidly for under and overload conditions.

Navigate to HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\NTFS\EFS\Parameters and set the parameter of EFSKCACHEPERIOD to a value between 2 and 30. default is 5. Value suggest the time in seconds the kernel will cache the session key for a user for a given file. The Kernel will not validate the user credentials during this cache period. This has the net effect of faster access to encrypted files that may be opened several times during a given time period.This is helpful in kernel and user mode of the EFS (encrypting file system) as it provides quicker access to frequently use components. Similarly navigate to HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\EFS and set the value of KeyCacheValidationPeriod to a value in units of second from 1 minute to 1 day (60 to 86400).
Microsoft has an interesting article on this at Registry Keys Used to Tune EFS Caching (Q278256). Read
it for complete details.

Hi everyone! May be you have already realized the importance of clear type font by now. A new feature that must be a boon to all those people who are spending their life staring these monitor screens!. After years of research, it has been noticed that Clear Type Fonts are best way to prolong you Laptop computer experience. Windows XP comes equipped with it and you can change the setting to use Clear Type fonts. What is not so simple to do is to even change the Welcome (logon) screen to used Clear Type. I have got hand of a tip that might be of help to you installing clear type fonts at logon screen. Save following to a .reg file and import it in registry.[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop]"FontSmoothing"="2""FontSmoothingType"=dword:00000002
[HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Control Panel\Desktop]"FontSmoothing"="2""FontSmoothingType"=dword:00000002 For those of you who do not know how to use clear type fonts in normal session here are the instructions: Right click on at any free area of the desktop and go to appearance tab of Display Properties. Click on effects and check the box saying "use following methods to smooth edges of screen fonts" and select clear type.

In the Address Bar, type "google" and hit Ctrl+Enter. Internet Explorer automatically inserts the "http://www/." and ".com" for you.

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I am doing my final year EEE in Dr.SACOE. If someone feels that they have never made a mistake in their life, then it means that they had never tried a new thing in their life.............. i make lot of mistakes, hope am trying something new or ?

Followers



I’ve learned many things from my Friends........................................ They teach me how to enjoy life...................................................... They helped me when I feel no one to help...................................... They wiped my tears ................................................ They raise their hands towards me for good-bye when I’m leaving them....................................... They love me........................................................ They care me........................................................ and............ ............... I love them too......................... But still I’ve a complaint.................................... Still They don’t teach me 1 thing.................................. and .............................................. You know what?................................................. . . They don’t teach me....................................... . . . How to live without them.............................................. Dedicated 2 my Friends . ............................

This BLOG is dedicated to my friends ---->* ABILASH * ANANDA VIVEK NARAYAN * ANBUSELVAM * ANEEZ DAWOOD * ANTONY NELSON * ARJUN * ARUNCHUNAI VENDAN * CHELLAKANI * CHRISANTONY MICHEAL * DEEPAK * DEVARAJ * DINESH * MANNIKARAJ * MANORAJA * MARIMUTHU * MOHAMED ADBUL RASHEED * MUTHUKRISHNAN * PERATHU SELVAN * PETCHIMUTHU * RAJKUMAR * THANGARAJ * VALLINARAYANAN * VENKATESH * A.VIGNESH * T.VIGNESH * VIGNESHWAREN * ARUNKUMAR * MANIKANDAN * GOMATHINAYAGAM * KARTHIK * THANGAPPAN * JEYAKUMAR * KOSALRAM * NARAYANAN * MUTHUKUMAR * RAJU * RAMASAMY * RAJMOHAN * PATTURAJ * SUNDARRAJAN * SURESHKANNAN * RAMANA MURUGAN * THAYALAN * VIGNESHWAREN.A * ANGURAJ * SURESHKUMAR * JEYAGANEESH * MARIKANNAN *